Conforming loans are funded by Fannie Mae (FNMA) and Freddie Mac (FHLMC). These companies do not lend money directly to you, but work with lenders across the country to offer mortgage loans to meet your needs. As a secondary market for mortgage loans, they purchase mortgages from lenders and package them into securities that can be sold to investors.

If you are looking for a large loan amount to purchase or refinance your home, you could consider a jumbo loan, which has a higher loan amount limit than the limits set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Because jumbo loans cannot be funded by these two agencies, they usually carry a higher interest rate.

The federal government and other state, local and private entities have developed programs to help you purchase a home with a low down payment. If you are a first time homebuyer or have low to moderate income, you may be eligible for a mortgage insured by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). While FHA does not make or buy loans, they insure FHA loans so that if you default on the loan, the lender will get reimbursed. You may be able to get an FHA loan with a low down payment of only 3% of the loan amount or less. While there are limits to the size of FHA loans, they are generous enough to handle moderately priced homes almost anywhere in the country.

If you are a veteran or qualify by military service or other entitlements, FHA mortgage insurance can also be combined with a guarantee from the Veteran's Administration. VA mortgages were created to help veterans achieve the American dream and buy their own homes. VA loans offer low to no down payments with many of the same benefits as an FHA loan.

If you have bad credit, you may not qualify for a conventional loan. In this case, you could consider a subprime loan. Like other loans, subprime loans come in many forms based on the terms, loan amount and loan to value ratio you are looking for. In addition companies will look at your credit and give you a credit grade, which will help them determine the best loan for your situation. With less than perfect credit, you can expect to pay higher interest rates because of the higher risk associated with making a loan to someone with a poor credit history.

Choosing a Loan Program

There isn't a single or simple answer to this question. The right type of mortgage for you depends on many different factors:

• Your current financial picture
• How you expect your finances to change
• How long you intend to keep your house
• How comfortable you are with your mortgage payment changing

The best way to find the "right" answer is to discuss your finances, your plans and financial prospects, and your preferences frankly with a mortgage professional.

Fixed Rate Mortgages

The most common type of mortgage program where your monthly payments for interest and principal never change. Property taxes and homeowners insurance may increase, but generally your monthly payments will be very stable.

Fixed rate mortgages are available for 30 years, 20 years, 15 years and even 10 years. There are also "biweekly" mortgages, which shorten the loan by calling for half the monthly payment every two weeks. (Since there are 52 weeks in a year, you make 26 payments, or 13 "months" worth, every year.)

Fixed rate fully amortizing loans have two distinct features. First, the interest rate remains fixed for the life of the loan. Secondly, the payments remain level for the life of the loan and are structured to repay the loan at the end of the loan term. The most common fixed rate loans are 15 year and 30 year mortgages.

During the early amortization period, a large percentage of the monthly payment is used for paying the interest. As the loan is paid down, more of the monthly payment is applied to principal. A typical 30 year fixed rate mortgage takes 22.5 years of level payments to pay half of the original loan amount.

Standard ARMS and the Differences

A few options are available to fit your individual needs and your risk tolerance with the various market instruments.

ARMs with different indexes are available for both purchases and refinances. Choosing an ARM with an index that reacts quickly lets you take full advantage of falling interest rates. An index that lags behind the market lets you take advantage of lower rates after market rates have started to adjust upward.

The interest rate and monthly payment can change based on adjustments to the index rate.

6-Month Certificate of Deposit (CD) ARM
This program has a maximum interest rate adjustment of 1% every six months. The 6-month Certificate of Deposit (CD) index is generally considered to react quickly to changes in the market.

1-Year Treasury Spot ARM
This program has a maximum interest rate adjustment of 2% every 12 months. The 1-Year Treasury Spot index generally reacts more slowly than the CD index, but more quickly than the Treasury Average index.

6-Month Treasury Average ARM
This program has a maximum interest rate adjustment of 1% every six months. The Treasury Average index generally reacts more slowly in fluctuating markets so adjustments in the ARM interest rate will lag behind some other market indicators.

12-Month Treasury Average ARM
This program has a maximum interest rate adjustment of 2% every 12 months. The Treasury Average Index generally reacts more slowly in fluctuating markets so adjustments in the ARM interest rate will lag behind some other market indicators.

Interest Rate Buy Downs

The most common buy down is the 2-1 buy down. In the past, for a buyer to secure a 2-1 buy down they would pay 3 points above current market points in order to pay a below market interest rate during the first two years of the loan. At the end of the two years they would then pay the old market rate for the remaining term.

As an example, if the current market rate for a conforming fixed rate loan is 8.5% at a cost of 1.5 points, the buy down gives the borrower a first year rate of 6.50%, a second year rate of 7.50% and a third through 30th year rate of 8.50% and the cost would be 4.5 points. Buy downs were usually paid for by a transferring company because of the high points associated with them.

In today's market, mortgage companies have designed variations of the old buy downs rather than charge higher points to the buyer in the beginning they increase the note rate to cover their yields in the later years.

As an example, if the current rate for a conforming fixed rate loan is 8.50% at a cost of 1.5 points, the buy down would give the buyer a first year rate of 7.25%, a second year rate of 8.25% and a third through 30th year rate of 9.25%, or a three quarter point higher note rate than the current market and the cost would remain at 1.5 points.

Another common buy down is the 3-2-1 buy down which works much in the same ways as the 2-1 buy down, with the exception of the starting interest rate being 3% below the note rate. Another variation is the flex fixed buy down program that increase at six month interval rather than annual intervals.

As an example, for a flex fixed jumbo buy down at a cost of 1.5 points, the first six months rate would be 7.50%, the second six months the rate would be 8.00%, the next six months rate would be 8.50%, the next six months rate would be 9.00%, the next six months the rate would be 9.50% and at the 37th month the rate would reach the note rate of 9.875% and would remain there for the remainder of the term. A comparable jumbo 30 year fixed at 1.5 points would be 8.875%.

Buying a home is a major achievement in most everyone’s life. Pride of ownership, tax breaks and equity are just a few of the many benefits you’ll enjoy with your new home. Your home purchase may also be one of the largest you will ever make.

During the emotional excitement of buying a home, you may encounter terms with which you are unfamiliar. For some, it can be bit embarrassing to ask what they consider too many questions. Others may make a note of their questions but simply forget to revisit those points. To ensure that you have complete confidence during your home loan process, invest a moment to read this report and become familiar with the concepts and terms you’ll encounter. Knowledge is power and the more you know the more successful will be your decisions and the more soundly will you sleep at night having made them.

Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM)
Also referred to as a Variable Rate Mortgage. A mortgage in which the interest rate is adjusted periodically based on a pre-selected index.

Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
An interest rate that reflects the cost of a mortgage as a yearly rate. This rate takes into account any points and fees and is based on the loan going to it’s full-term.

Assumption
An agreement between buyer and seller in which the buyer assumes responsibility for the seller’s existing mortgage. This agreement usually saves the buyer money because closing costs and the current interest rate, possibly higher, do not apply. Buy-down
A method of lowering the buyer’s monthly payment for a short period of time. The lender or homebuilder subsidizes the mortgage by lowering the interest rate for the first few years of a loan.

Caps
A limit in the amount the interest rate or monthly payments for an adjustable rate mortgage that may change.

Closing
Also referred to as settlement. The meeting at the conclusion of a real estate sale in which the property and funds are exchanged between the two parties involved.

Debt-to-Income Ratio
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, which results from dividing a borrower’s monthly payment obligation on long-term debts by the borrower’s gross monthly income.

Discount Points
Prepaid interest assessed at closing by the lender. A point is equal to 1 percent of the loan amount.

Down Payment
Cash paid by the buyer at closing that makes up the difference between purchase price and the mortgage amount.

Earnest Money
Money given by a buyer to a seller as a deposit to commit the buyer to the future transaction. Earnest money is subtracted from closing costs.

Equity
The value an owner has in real estate over and above the obligation against the property. Equity is fair market value minus the current indebtedness.

Escrow
Funds given to a third party which will be held to cover payments such as tax or insurance payments and earnest money deposits.

Fixed Rate Mortgage
A mortgage in which the interest rate remains constant throughout the life of the loan.

Loan-to-Value Ratio
The ratio between the amount of the mortgage loan and the appraised value of the property.

Market Value
The price that a property could possibly bring in the marketplace.

Mortgage Insurance
Insurance that protects lenders against loss if a borrower defaults. This is required when the loan-to-value ratio is greater than 80 percent.

Origination Fee
A fee charged by a lender for processing a loan application; usually computed as a percentage of the loan.

PITI
Refers to Principal, Interest, Taxes, and Insurance.

Underwriting
The decision-making process of granting a loan to a potential homebuyer.

Variable Rate Mortgage
Also referred to as Adjustable Rate Mortgage. A mortgage in which the interest rate is adjusted periodically based on a pre-selected index.

The mortgage business is a complicated and ever-changing industry. It is important that you understand how the mortgage market works and how the lenders make their profit. In doing so, you will gain an appreciation of loan programs and why certain loans are offered by certain lenders.

INSTITUTIONAL LENDERS

The first broad category of distinction is institutional versus private. Institutional lenders include commercial banks, savings and loans, credit unions, mortgage banking companies, pension funds, and insurance companies. These lenders generally make loans based on the income and credit of the borrower, and they generally follow standard lending guidelines. Private lenders are individuals or small companies that do not have insured depositors and are generally not regulated by the federal government.

PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY MARKET

First, these markets should not be confused with first and second mortgages. Primary mortgage lenders deal directly with the public. They “originate” loans, that is, they lend money directly to the borrower. Often referred to as the “retail” side of the business, lenders make a profit from loan processing fees, not the interest paid on the loan.

Primary mortgage lenders generally lend money to consumers, then sell the mortgage notes (in large packages, not one at a time) to investors on the secondary mortgage market to replenish their cash reserves.

The largest buyers on the secondary market are the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA or “Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA or “Ginnie Mae”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC or “Freddie Mac”). Private financial institutions such as banks, life insurance companies, private investors, and thrift associations also buy notes.

MORTGAGE BROKERS VERSUS MORTGAGE BANKERS

Many consumers assume that “mortgage companies” are banks that lend their own money. In fact, a company that you deal with may be either a mortgage banker or a mortgage broker.

A mortgage banker is a direct lender; it lends you its own money, although it often sells the loan to the secondary market. Mortgage bankers (also known as “direct lenders”) sometimes retain servicing rights as well.

A mortgage broker is a middleman; he does the loan shopping and analysis for the borrower and puts the lender and borrower together. Many of the lenders through which the broker finds loans do not deal directly with the public (hence the expression, “wholesale lender”).

CONVENTIONAL VS. NON-CONVENTIONAL

“Conventional” financing, by definition, is not insured or guaranteed by the federal government. Conventional loans are generally broken into two categories: “conforming” and “non-conforming.” A conforming loan is one that conforms or adheres to strict Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac loan underwriting guidelines.

Conforming loans are a low risk to the lender, so they offer the lowest interest rates. Conforming loans also have the strictest underwriting guidelines.

Conforming loans have three basic requirements:

1. Borrower Must Have a Minimum of Debt: Lenders look at the ratio of your monthly debt to income. Your regular monthly expenses (including mortgage payments, property taxes, insurance) should total no more than 25 to 28% of gross monthly income (called “front end ratio”). Furthermore, your monthly expenses, plus other long-term debt payments (e.g., student loan, automobile, alimony, child support) should total no more than 36% of your gross monthly income (called “back end ratio”). These ratios can sometimes be increased if the borrower has excellent credit or puts more money down.
2. Good Credit Rating: You must be current on payments. Lenders will also require a certain minimum credit score called a “FICO” (http://www.myfico.com).
3. Funds to Close: You must have the requisite down payment (generally 20% of the purchase price, although lenders often bend this rule), proof of where it came from, and a few months of cash reserves in the bank.

NON-CONFORMING LOANS

Non-conforming loans have no set guidelines and vary widely from lender to lender. In fact, lenders often change their own non-conforming guidelines from month to month.

Non-conforming loans are also known as “sub-prime” loans, because the target customer (borrower) has credit and/or income verification that is less-than-perfect. The sub-prime loans are often rated according to the creditworthiness of the borrower – “A,” “B”, “C” and “D.”

The sub-prime loan business has grown enormously over the past ten years, particularly in the refinance business and with investor loans. Every lender has its own criteria for sub-prime loans, so it is impossible to list every loan program available on the market. Suffice it to say, the guidelines for sub-prime loans are much more lax than they are for conforming loans.

-- Excerpt from William Bronchick's highly acclaimed book, "Financing Secrets of a Millionaire Real Estate Investor"